Mycoplasma Genitalium: Symptoms, Transmission, Diagnosis & Treatment
Introduction
Mycoplasma genitalium (often called M. genitalium or Mgen) is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection that has gained significant attention in recent years. Although it was first discovered in the early 1980s, it remained largely overlooked until modern testing methods made detection easier. Today, it is recognized as one of the fastest‑growing concerns in sexual health due to rising antibiotic resistance and its potential to cause long‑term reproductive complications.
What Is Mycoplasma Genitalium?
Mycoplasma genitalium is a microscopic bacterium that infects the urethra, cervix, and sometimes the reproductive tract. Unlike many bacteria, it lacks a cell wall, which makes it naturally resistant to several common antibiotics. This unique structure contributes to treatment challenges and the growing need for awareness.
How Common Is It?
Although not as widely recognized as chlamydia or gonorrhea, Mycoplasma genitalium is considered a common but underdiagnosed STI. Studies estimate that 1–2% of adults may be infected at any given time. Because many people experience no symptoms, the infection often goes unnoticed and untreated.
How Mycoplasma Genitalium Spreads
M. genitalium spreads through sexual contact, including:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Genital‑to‑genital contact with infected fluids
Transmission through oral sex is still being researched, but current evidence suggests it is less common. Because symptoms are often mild or absent, individuals may unknowingly pass the infection to partners.
Symptoms of Mycoplasma Genitalium
Many people with M. genitalium have no symptoms, which makes regular testing important for sexually active individuals.
Symptoms in Women
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Pelvic or lower abdominal pain
Pain or burning during urination
Bleeding between periods or after sex
Cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix)
Symptoms in Men
Watery or mucous penile discharge
Burning or pain during urination
Pain during ejaculation
Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)
Potential Complications
If left untreated, Mycoplasma genitalium can lead to serious reproductive health issues.
Complications in Women
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Infertility
Ectopic pregnancy
Chronic pelvic pain
Possible pregnancy complications (still being studied)
Complications in Men
Persistent urethritis
Possible fertility issues (research ongoing)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis requires a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), which detects the bacterium’s genetic material. Testing can be done using:
A urine sample
A vaginal, cervical, urethral, or penile swab
Because symptoms mimic other infections, laboratory testing is the only reliable way to confirm M. genitalium.
Treatment Options
Treating Mycoplasma genitalium can be challenging due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Standard treatment often includes:
Doxycycline to reduce bacterial load
Followed by azithromycin if the strain is not resistant
Moxifloxacin for resistant or persistent infections
Whenever possible, resistance‑guided therapy provides the highest success rate. Sexual partners should also be tested and treated to prevent reinfection.
Prevention
You can reduce your risk of contracting or spreading M. genitalium by:
Using condoms consistently
Limiting the number of sexual partners
Getting regular STI screenings
Avoiding sexual activity until treatment is complete if diagnosed
Abstinence from vaginal and anal sex is the only guaranteed way to prevent transmission.
Conclusion
Mycoplasma genitalium is a growing concern in sexual health due to its ability to cause long‑term complications and its increasing resistance to antibiotics. Awareness, regular testing, and proper treatment are essential for protecting reproductive health. With the right information and preventive measures, individuals can significantly reduce their risk and maintain better sexual wellness.
